Despite its relatively short history as a formal academic discipline, computer science has made a number of fundamental contributions to science and society. These include
Applications within computer science
A formal definition of computation and computability, and proof that there are computationally unsolvable and intractable problems.
The concept of a programming language, a tool for the precise expression of methodological information at various levels of abstraction.
Applications outside of computing
Sparked the Digital Revolution which led to the current Information Age and the internet.[12]
In cryptography, breaking the Enigma machine was an important factor contributing to the Allied victory in World War II.[9]
Scientific computing enabled advanced study of the mind and mapping the human genome was possible with Human Genome Project.[12] Distributed computing projects like Folding@home explore protein folding.
Algorithmic trading has increased the efficiency and liquidity of financial markets by using artificial intelligence, machine learning and other statistical/numerical techniques on a large scale
Relationship with other fields
Computer science is frequently derided by the sentence "Any field which has to have 'science' in its name isn't one." This was placed in print by physicist Richard Feynman in his Lectures on Computation (1996) after his passing.
Despite its name, a significant amount of computer science does not involve the study of computers themselves. Because of this several alternative names have been proposed. Danish scientist Peter Naur suggested the term datalogy, to reflect the fact that the scientific discipline revolves around data and data treatment, while not necessarily involving computers. The first scientific institution applying the datalogy term was DIKU, the Department of Datalogy at the University of Copenhagen, founded in 1969, with Peter Naur being the first professor in datalogy. The term is used mainly in the Scandinavian countries. Also, in the early days of computing, a number of terms for the practitioners of the field of computing were suggested in the Communications of the ACM—turingineer, turologist, flow-charts-man, applied meta-mathematician, and applied epistemologist.[14] Three months later in the same journal, comptologist was suggested, followed next year by hypologist.[15] Recently the term computics has been suggested.[16] Infomatik was a term used in Europe with more frequency.
In fact, the renowned computer scientist Edsger Dijkstra is often quoted as saying, "Computer science is no more about computers than astronomy is about telescopes." The design and deployment of computers and computer systems is generally considered the province of disciplines other than computer science. For example, the study of computer hardware is usually considered part of computer engineering, while the study of commercial computer systems and their deployment is often called information technology or information systems. Computer science is sometimes criticized as being insufficiently scientific, a view espoused in the statement "Science is to computer science as hydrodynamics is to plumbing" credited to Stan Kelly-Bootle[17] and others. However, there has been much cross-fertilization of ideas between the various computer-related disciplines. Computer science research has also often crossed into other disciplines, such as artificial intelligence, cognitive science, physics (see quantum computing), and linguistics.
Computer science is considered by some to have a much closer relationship with mathematics than many scientific disciplines.[8] Early computer science was strongly influenced by the work of mathematicians such as Kurt Gödel and Alan Turing, and there continues to be a useful interchange of ideas between the two fields in areas such as mathematical logic, category theory, domain theory, and algebra.
The relationship between computer science and software engineering is a contentious issue, which is further muddied by disputes over what the term "software engineering" means, and how computer science is defined. David Parnas, taking a cue from the relationship between other engineering and science disciplines, has claimed that the principal focus of computer science is studying the properties of computation in general, while the principal focus of software engineering is the design of specific computations to achieve practical goals, making the two separate but complementary disciplines.[18]
The academic political and funding aspects of computer science tend to have roots as to whether a department in the US formed with either a mathematical emphasis or an engineering emphasis. In general, electrical engineering based CS departments have tended to succeed as computer science and/or engineering departments. CS departments with a mathematics emphasis and with a numerical orientation consider alignment computational science. Both types of departments tend to make efforts to bridge the field educationally if not across all research
Sunday, December 23, 2007
Computer science
Computer science, or computing science, is the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and their implementation and application in computer systems.[1][2][3] Computer science has many sub-fields; some emphasize the computation of specific results (such as computer graphics), while others relate to properties of computational problems (such as computational complexity theory). Still others focus on the challenges in implementing computations. For example, programming language theory studies approaches to describing computations, while computer programming applies specific programming languages to solve specific computational problems. A further subfield, human-computer interaction, focuses on the challenges in making computers and computations useful, usable and universally accessible to people.
History
The history of computer science predates the invention of the modern digital computer by many centuries. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623.[4] Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times (between 1837 and 1901)[5] helped by Ada Lovelace.[6] Around 1900 the IBM corporation sold punch-card machines.[7] However all of these machines were constrained to perform a single task, or at best, some subset of all possible tasks.
During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1960s, with the creation of the first computer science departments and degree programs.[8] Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own right
Many initially believed it impossible that "computers themselves could actually be a scientific field of study" (Levy 1984, p. 11), though it was in the "late fifties" (Levy 1984, p.11) that it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population. It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM or International Business Machine as the company is officially termed released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices. "Still, working with the IBM [computer] was frustrating...if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again" (Levy 1984, p.13). Obviously, during the period of the late 1950s the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages and such issues were commonplace
History
The history of computer science predates the invention of the modern digital computer by many centuries. Machines for calculating fixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator in 1623.[4] Charles Babbage designed a difference engine in Victorian times (between 1837 and 1901)[5] helped by Ada Lovelace.[6] Around 1900 the IBM corporation sold punch-card machines.[7] However all of these machines were constrained to perform a single task, or at best, some subset of all possible tasks.
During the 1940s, as newer and more powerful computing machines were developed, the term computer came to refer to the machines rather than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general. Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1960s, with the creation of the first computer science departments and degree programs.[8] Since practical computers became available, many applications of computing have become distinct areas of study in their own right
Many initially believed it impossible that "computers themselves could actually be a scientific field of study" (Levy 1984, p. 11), though it was in the "late fifties" (Levy 1984, p.11) that it gradually became accepted among the greater academic population. It is the now well-known IBM brand that formed part of the computer science revolution during this time. IBM or International Business Machine as the company is officially termed released the IBM 704 and later the IBM 709 computers which were widely used during the exploration period of such devices. "Still, working with the IBM [computer] was frustrating...if you had misplaced as much as one letter in one instruction, the program would crash, and you would have to start the whole process over again" (Levy 1984, p.13). Obviously, during the period of the late 1950s the computer science discipline was very much in its developmental stages and such issues were commonplace
Thursday, December 20, 2007
DNA basis for new generation of computers
SAN FRANCISCO, California (AP) -- It almost sounds too fantastic to be true, but a growing amount of research supports the idea that DNA, the basic building block of life, could also be the basis of a staggeringly powerful new generation of computers.
If it happens, the revolution someday might be traced to the night a decade ago when University of Southern California computer scientist Leonard Adleman lay in bed reading James Watson's textbook "Molecular Biology of the Gene."
"This is amazing stuff," he said to his wife, and then a foggy notion robbed him of his sleep: Human cells and computers process and store information in much the same way.
Computers store data in strings made up of the numbers 0 and 1. Living things store information with molecules represented the letters A,T,C and G.
There were many more intriguing similarities, Adleman realized as he hopped out of bed. He began sketching the basics of DNA computing.
Those late-night scribbles have long since given way to hard science, backed by research grants from NASA, the Pentagon and other federal agencies. Now a handful of researchers around the world are creating tiny biology-based computers, hoping to harness the powers of life itself.
They call their creations "machines" and "devices." Really, they are nothing more than test tubes of DNA-laden water, and yet this liquid has been coaxed to crunch algorithms and spit out data.
The problems solved by DNA computers to date are rudimentary. Children could come up with the answers more quickly with a pencil and paper
But the researchers hope to someday inject tiny computers into humans to zap viruses, fix good cells gone bad and otherwise keep us healthy
They're also pursuing the idea that genetic material can self-replicate and grow into processors so powerful that they can handle problems too complex for silicon-based computers to solve.
Eventually, the scientists aim to create self-sustaining computers that can be used, for instance, on deep-space voyages, to monitor and maintain the health of humans on board.
DNA computing is born
What struck Adleman most that night he jumped out of bed was how a living enzyme "reads" DNA much the same way computer pioneer Alan Turing first contemplated in 1936 how a machine could read data.
"If you look inside the cell you find a bunch of amazing little tools," said Adleman, who made the first DNA-based computation in 1994. "The cell is a treasure chest."
Adleman used his computer to solve the classic "traveling salesman" mathematical problem -- how a salesman can visit a given number of cities without passing through any city twice -- by exploiting the predictability of how DNA interacts
Adleman assigned each of seven cities a different strip of DNA, 20 molecules long, then dropped them into a stew of millions of more strips of DNA that naturally bonded with the "cities." That generated thousands of random paths, in much the same way that a computer can sift through random numbers to break a code.
From this hodgepodge of connected DNA, Adleman eventually extracted a satisfactory solution -- a strand that led directly from the first city to the last, without retracing any steps. DNA computing was born.
What these researchers are essentially trying to do is control, predict and understand life itself. So there's little wonder that their machines are decades away from being anything more than a neat laboratory trick.
Biologists are only now grasping the basics of how and why DNA unzips, recombines and sends and receives information. DNA is notoriously fragile and prone to transcription errors -- as the world's cancer rates prove.
These realizations and others have tempered initial expectations that DNA would ultimately replace silicon chips. Still, researchers in this field believe they remain on the vanguard of a computational revolution
After all, a single gram of dried DNA, about the size of a half-inch sugar cube, can hold as much information as a trillion compact discs. Adelman senses that can be exploited somehow, some way.
"I'm just not sure how," he said.
If it happens, the revolution someday might be traced to the night a decade ago when University of Southern California computer scientist Leonard Adleman lay in bed reading James Watson's textbook "Molecular Biology of the Gene."
"This is amazing stuff," he said to his wife, and then a foggy notion robbed him of his sleep: Human cells and computers process and store information in much the same way.
Computers store data in strings made up of the numbers 0 and 1. Living things store information with molecules represented the letters A,T,C and G.
There were many more intriguing similarities, Adleman realized as he hopped out of bed. He began sketching the basics of DNA computing.
Those late-night scribbles have long since given way to hard science, backed by research grants from NASA, the Pentagon and other federal agencies. Now a handful of researchers around the world are creating tiny biology-based computers, hoping to harness the powers of life itself.
They call their creations "machines" and "devices." Really, they are nothing more than test tubes of DNA-laden water, and yet this liquid has been coaxed to crunch algorithms and spit out data.
The problems solved by DNA computers to date are rudimentary. Children could come up with the answers more quickly with a pencil and paper
But the researchers hope to someday inject tiny computers into humans to zap viruses, fix good cells gone bad and otherwise keep us healthy
They're also pursuing the idea that genetic material can self-replicate and grow into processors so powerful that they can handle problems too complex for silicon-based computers to solve.
Eventually, the scientists aim to create self-sustaining computers that can be used, for instance, on deep-space voyages, to monitor and maintain the health of humans on board.
DNA computing is born
What struck Adleman most that night he jumped out of bed was how a living enzyme "reads" DNA much the same way computer pioneer Alan Turing first contemplated in 1936 how a machine could read data.
"If you look inside the cell you find a bunch of amazing little tools," said Adleman, who made the first DNA-based computation in 1994. "The cell is a treasure chest."
Adleman used his computer to solve the classic "traveling salesman" mathematical problem -- how a salesman can visit a given number of cities without passing through any city twice -- by exploiting the predictability of how DNA interacts
Adleman assigned each of seven cities a different strip of DNA, 20 molecules long, then dropped them into a stew of millions of more strips of DNA that naturally bonded with the "cities." That generated thousands of random paths, in much the same way that a computer can sift through random numbers to break a code.
From this hodgepodge of connected DNA, Adleman eventually extracted a satisfactory solution -- a strand that led directly from the first city to the last, without retracing any steps. DNA computing was born.
What these researchers are essentially trying to do is control, predict and understand life itself. So there's little wonder that their machines are decades away from being anything more than a neat laboratory trick.
Biologists are only now grasping the basics of how and why DNA unzips, recombines and sends and receives information. DNA is notoriously fragile and prone to transcription errors -- as the world's cancer rates prove.
These realizations and others have tempered initial expectations that DNA would ultimately replace silicon chips. Still, researchers in this field believe they remain on the vanguard of a computational revolution
After all, a single gram of dried DNA, about the size of a half-inch sugar cube, can hold as much information as a trillion compact discs. Adelman senses that can be exploited somehow, some way.
"I'm just not sure how," he said.
Fifth generation computer
The Fifth Generation Computer Systems project (FGCS) was an initiative by Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry, begun in 1982, to create a "fifth generation computer" (see history of computing hardware) which was supposed to perform much calculation utilizing massive parallelism. It was to be the end result of a massive government/industry research project in Japan during the 1980s. It aimed to create an "epoch-making computer" with supercomputer-like performance and usable artificial intelligence capabilities
The term fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond existing machines. Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors and diodes, the second; ICs, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added perform
Background and Design Philosophy
Throughout these multiple generations since the 1980s, Japan had largely been a follower in terms of computing advancement, building computers following US and British leads. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry (MITI) decided to attempt to break out of this follow-the-leader pattern, and in the mid-1970s started looking, on a small scale, into the future of computing. They asked the Japan Information Processing Development Center (JIPDEC) to indicate a number of future directions, and in 1979 offered a three-year contract to carry out more in-depth studies along with industry and academia. It was during this period that the term "fifth-generation computer" started to be used
The primary fields for investigation from this initial project were:
Inference computer technologies for knowledge processing
Computer technologies to process large-scale data bases and knowledge bases
High performance workstations
Distributed functional computer technologies
Super-computers for scientific calculation
The project imagined a parallel processing computer running on top of massive databases (as opposed to a traditional filesystem) using a logic programming language to access the data. They envisioned building a prototype machine with performance between 100M and 1G LIPS, where a LIPS is a Logical Inferences Per Second. At the time typical workstation machines were capable of about 100k LIPS. They proposed to build this machine over a ten year period, 3 years for initial R&D, 4 years for building various subsystems, and a final 3 years to complete a working prototype system. In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies.
The term fifth generation was intended to convey the system as being a leap beyond existing machines. Computers using vacuum tubes were called the first generation; transistors and diodes, the second; ICs, the third; and those using microprocessors, the fourth. Whereas previous computer generations had focused on increasing the number of logic elements in a single CPU, the fifth generation, it was widely believed at the time, would instead turn to massive numbers of CPUs for added perform
Background and Design Philosophy
Throughout these multiple generations since the 1980s, Japan had largely been a follower in terms of computing advancement, building computers following US and British leads. The Ministry for International Trade and Industry (MITI) decided to attempt to break out of this follow-the-leader pattern, and in the mid-1970s started looking, on a small scale, into the future of computing. They asked the Japan Information Processing Development Center (JIPDEC) to indicate a number of future directions, and in 1979 offered a three-year contract to carry out more in-depth studies along with industry and academia. It was during this period that the term "fifth-generation computer" started to be used
The primary fields for investigation from this initial project were:
Inference computer technologies for knowledge processing
Computer technologies to process large-scale data bases and knowledge bases
High performance workstations
Distributed functional computer technologies
Super-computers for scientific calculation
The project imagined a parallel processing computer running on top of massive databases (as opposed to a traditional filesystem) using a logic programming language to access the data. They envisioned building a prototype machine with performance between 100M and 1G LIPS, where a LIPS is a Logical Inferences Per Second. At the time typical workstation machines were capable of about 100k LIPS. They proposed to build this machine over a ten year period, 3 years for initial R&D, 4 years for building various subsystems, and a final 3 years to complete a working prototype system. In 1982 the government decided to go ahead with the project, and established the Institute for New Generation Computer Technology (ICOT) through joint investment with various Japanese computer companies.
Intel Processor
Processor technology is a collection of technologies designed to work together to deliver a great computing experience. Specifically, it is a microprocessor, chipset, and software and may also include additional hardware, services, and support. Processor technologies enable new capabilities for people in all facets of their lives—at work and at home.
Mobile high performance and manageability with great battery life.
Maximize productivity and increase security of mobile business PCs with Intel® Centrino® Pro processor technology. This new generation of business notebooks delivers up to 2x performance¹ that can provide the headroom to multi-task with ease and run security processes like anti-virus scans in the background without impacting end users.
Intel Centrino Pro processor technology also lets you remotely manage notebooks over the network, even if the system is down or off.² That increases uptime, reduces costly desk-side visits, and frees you up to provide strategic value to your business
Innovative power-saving features designed to extend battery life are also built right in,³ giving your users the ability to get more work done on the road.
Mobile high performance and manageability with great battery life.
Maximize productivity and increase security of mobile business PCs with Intel® Centrino® Pro processor technology. This new generation of business notebooks delivers up to 2x performance¹ that can provide the headroom to multi-task with ease and run security processes like anti-virus scans in the background without impacting end users.
Intel Centrino Pro processor technology also lets you remotely manage notebooks over the network, even if the system is down or off.² That increases uptime, reduces costly desk-side visits, and frees you up to provide strategic value to your business
Innovative power-saving features designed to extend battery life are also built right in,³ giving your users the ability to get more work done on the road.
Saturday, December 15, 2007
Interesting Management Stories
It's a fine sunny day in the forest and a lion is sitting outside his cave, lying lazily in the sun. Along comes a fox, out on a walk.
Fox: "Do you know the time, because my watch is broken"Lion: "Oh, I can easily fix the watch for you"
Fox: "Hmm... But it's a very complicated mechanism, and your big claws will only destroy it even more."Lion: "Oh no, give it to me, and it will be fixed"
Fox: "That's ridiculous! Any fool knows that lazy lions with great claws cannot fix complicated watches"Lion: "Sure they do, give it to me and it will be fixed"
The lion disappears into his cave, and after a while he comes back with the watch which is running perfectly. The fox is impressed, and the lion continues to lie lazily in the sun, looking very pleased with himself.
Soon a wolf comes along and stops to watch the lazy lion in the sun.
Wolf: "Can I come and watch TV tonight with you, because mine is broken"Lion: "Oh, I can easily fix your TV for you"
Wolf: "You don't expect me to believe such rubbish, do you? There is no way that a lazy lion with big claws can fix a complicated TV.Lion: "No problem. Do you want to try it?"
The lion goes into his cave, and after a while comes back with a perfectly fixed TV. The wolf goes away happily and amazed.
Scene :
Inside the lion's cave. In one corner are half a dozen small and intelligent looking rabbits who are busily doing very complicated work with very detailed instruments. In the other corner lies a huge lion looking very pleased with himself.
Moral :
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY A MANAGER IS FAMOUS; LOOK AT THE WORK OF HIS SUBORDINATES.
Management Lesson in the context of the working world :IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY SOMEONE UNDESERVED IS PROMOTED; LOOK AT THE WORK OF HIS SUBORDINATES
Fox: "Do you know the time, because my watch is broken"Lion: "Oh, I can easily fix the watch for you"
Fox: "Hmm... But it's a very complicated mechanism, and your big claws will only destroy it even more."Lion: "Oh no, give it to me, and it will be fixed"
Fox: "That's ridiculous! Any fool knows that lazy lions with great claws cannot fix complicated watches"Lion: "Sure they do, give it to me and it will be fixed"
The lion disappears into his cave, and after a while he comes back with the watch which is running perfectly. The fox is impressed, and the lion continues to lie lazily in the sun, looking very pleased with himself.
Soon a wolf comes along and stops to watch the lazy lion in the sun.
Wolf: "Can I come and watch TV tonight with you, because mine is broken"Lion: "Oh, I can easily fix your TV for you"
Wolf: "You don't expect me to believe such rubbish, do you? There is no way that a lazy lion with big claws can fix a complicated TV.Lion: "No problem. Do you want to try it?"
The lion goes into his cave, and after a while comes back with a perfectly fixed TV. The wolf goes away happily and amazed.
Scene :
Inside the lion's cave. In one corner are half a dozen small and intelligent looking rabbits who are busily doing very complicated work with very detailed instruments. In the other corner lies a huge lion looking very pleased with himself.
Moral :
IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY A MANAGER IS FAMOUS; LOOK AT THE WORK OF HIS SUBORDINATES.
Management Lesson in the context of the working world :IF YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY SOMEONE UNDESERVED IS PROMOTED; LOOK AT THE WORK OF HIS SUBORDINATES
Recollecting history
Below cited is the cutting of the news paper published on April 16, 1912 carrying the information of the sink of "TITANIC".
Friday, December 14, 2007
Interesting aspects of life
The second richest man who has donated $31 billion to charity.
Here are some very interesting aspects of his life:
1. He bought his first share at age 11 and he now regrets that he started too late!
2. He bought a small farm at age 14 with savings from delivering newspapers.
3. He still lives in the same small 3-bedroom house in mid-town Omaha, that he bought after he got married 50 years ago. He says that he has everything he needs in that house. His house does not have a wall or a fence.
4. He drives his own car everywhere and does not have a driver or security people around him.
5. He never travels by private jet, although he owns the world's largest private jet company.
6. His company, Berkshire Hathaway, owns 63 companies. He writes only one letter each year to the CEOs of these companies, giving them goals for the year. He never holds meetings or calls them on a regular basis. He has given his CEO's only two rules.
Rule number 1: do not lose any of your share holder's money.
Rule number 2: Do not forget rule number 1.
7. He does not socialize with the high society crowd. His past time after he gets home is to make himself some pop corn and watch Television.
8. Bill Gates, the world's richest man met him for the first time only 5 years ago. Bill Gates did not think he had anything in common with Warren Buffet. So he had scheduled his meeting only for half hour. But when Gates met him, the meeting lasted for ten hours and Bill Gates became a devotee of Warren Buffet.
9. Warren Buffet does not carry a cell phone, nor has a computer on his desk. His advice to young people: "Stay away from credit cards and invest in yourself and Remember:
A. Money doesn't create man but it is the man who created money
B. Live your life as simple as you are.
C. Don't do what others say, just listen them, but do what you feel good.
D. Don't go on brand name; just wear those things in which u feel comfortable
E. Don't waste your money on unnecessary things; just spend on them who really in need rather.
F. After all it's your life then why give chance to others to rule our life."
Here are some very interesting aspects of his life:
1. He bought his first share at age 11 and he now regrets that he started too late!
2. He bought a small farm at age 14 with savings from delivering newspapers.
3. He still lives in the same small 3-bedroom house in mid-town Omaha, that he bought after he got married 50 years ago. He says that he has everything he needs in that house. His house does not have a wall or a fence.
4. He drives his own car everywhere and does not have a driver or security people around him.
5. He never travels by private jet, although he owns the world's largest private jet company.
6. His company, Berkshire Hathaway, owns 63 companies. He writes only one letter each year to the CEOs of these companies, giving them goals for the year. He never holds meetings or calls them on a regular basis. He has given his CEO's only two rules.
Rule number 1: do not lose any of your share holder's money.
Rule number 2: Do not forget rule number 1.
7. He does not socialize with the high society crowd. His past time after he gets home is to make himself some pop corn and watch Television.
8. Bill Gates, the world's richest man met him for the first time only 5 years ago. Bill Gates did not think he had anything in common with Warren Buffet. So he had scheduled his meeting only for half hour. But when Gates met him, the meeting lasted for ten hours and Bill Gates became a devotee of Warren Buffet.
9. Warren Buffet does not carry a cell phone, nor has a computer on his desk. His advice to young people: "Stay away from credit cards and invest in yourself and Remember:
A. Money doesn't create man but it is the man who created money
B. Live your life as simple as you are.
C. Don't do what others say, just listen them, but do what you feel good.
D. Don't go on brand name; just wear those things in which u feel comfortable
E. Don't waste your money on unnecessary things; just spend on them who really in need rather.
F. After all it's your life then why give chance to others to rule our life."
FRIENDSHIP
Once upon a time there lived a mountain, which was so high that it might have been the very tallest mountain in the whole world – and so he had very few friends. Only the big fluffy clouds could reach all the way to the peak. But what fun it was to poke his pointed summit into their fluffy, snowy whiteness! How it tickled! The clouds would burst into laughter, and sometimes they would even laugh so hard they would cry, and then it would rain on the earth below.
One hot summer the sun shone down so relentlessly that for several days there wasn't a single little cloud in the sky, and the mountain felt very sad. Finally, when he couldn't bear being lonely any longer, he asked the great wide sky, "Why won't you let the little ones run and play in your big bright blueness?"
The sky replied, "All my children have gone to the kingdom of winter, which is very far from here. They won't come back until the end of summer."
"But I miss them so much!" the mountain said with a sigh. "Maybe I should go to the winter kingdom too, and visit my friends?"
"You are a mountain, and mountains are heavy and can't fly like the clouds. Mountains always stay in the same place," the sky stated firmly.
From that day the mountain became even sadder. "Everyone else moves around and finds exciting new things and I have to sit still, nobody and nothing needs me," he wailed. Tears began to flow down the mountain face as, for the first time in his life, the mountain cried. Even as he cried, the dried and cracked soil in the plain below heaved a sigh of relief and started to thirstily drink in the long-awaited water. Even before the end of the day the plain was covered with fresh green growth.
The plain called out to the mountain, "O, kind mountain! Thank you for saving me from a terrible fate! Your water is so pure it has healed all my wounds. Look at how much it has changed me!”
The mountain was so surprised that he stopped crying. Until then nobody had even spoken to him from down below. He was, after all, so very high, and the plain so far below, that the mountain had forgotten that it even existed. The mountain looked down and gasped in surprise as he saw the flourishing green carpet, shining and fresh. The plain was so beautiful that the mountain felt like kissing it, and tingled with delight at the thought. At that the wise old sky whispered to him, "Now, mountain, you see that you can find friends anywhere. You just have to notice them!”
Questions and Exercises
How do you think the plain can help the mountain, and the mountain help the plain?
Imagine that beautiful flowers burst into life on the plain after the mountain watered it with its tears. Name the flowers.
Was there ever a time in your life when you were very lonely and you thought that nobody needed you, but then realized it wasn't true?
What would you tell a person who wants to make friends but can't find any?
Game: "Mystery Friend"
Write down the children's names ahead of time on slips of paper and get each child to take one slip. The child whose name is written on a piece of paper becomes the mystery friend of the one who chose that paper. Ask the children to act like a friend to that person until the next lesson, so each child can guess who his mystery friend is. Afterwards have a discussion with the children about how they were able to guess who their mystery friends were.
Picture: "Our Strength is in Our Friends"
Read the saying, "The strength of a tree is in its roots, and the strength of a person is in his friends." Ask each child to draw him- or herself in the form of a tree, with their friends as the roots.
One hot summer the sun shone down so relentlessly that for several days there wasn't a single little cloud in the sky, and the mountain felt very sad. Finally, when he couldn't bear being lonely any longer, he asked the great wide sky, "Why won't you let the little ones run and play in your big bright blueness?"
The sky replied, "All my children have gone to the kingdom of winter, which is very far from here. They won't come back until the end of summer."
"But I miss them so much!" the mountain said with a sigh. "Maybe I should go to the winter kingdom too, and visit my friends?"
"You are a mountain, and mountains are heavy and can't fly like the clouds. Mountains always stay in the same place," the sky stated firmly.
From that day the mountain became even sadder. "Everyone else moves around and finds exciting new things and I have to sit still, nobody and nothing needs me," he wailed. Tears began to flow down the mountain face as, for the first time in his life, the mountain cried. Even as he cried, the dried and cracked soil in the plain below heaved a sigh of relief and started to thirstily drink in the long-awaited water. Even before the end of the day the plain was covered with fresh green growth.
The plain called out to the mountain, "O, kind mountain! Thank you for saving me from a terrible fate! Your water is so pure it has healed all my wounds. Look at how much it has changed me!”
The mountain was so surprised that he stopped crying. Until then nobody had even spoken to him from down below. He was, after all, so very high, and the plain so far below, that the mountain had forgotten that it even existed. The mountain looked down and gasped in surprise as he saw the flourishing green carpet, shining and fresh. The plain was so beautiful that the mountain felt like kissing it, and tingled with delight at the thought. At that the wise old sky whispered to him, "Now, mountain, you see that you can find friends anywhere. You just have to notice them!”
Questions and Exercises
How do you think the plain can help the mountain, and the mountain help the plain?
Imagine that beautiful flowers burst into life on the plain after the mountain watered it with its tears. Name the flowers.
Was there ever a time in your life when you were very lonely and you thought that nobody needed you, but then realized it wasn't true?
What would you tell a person who wants to make friends but can't find any?
Game: "Mystery Friend"
Write down the children's names ahead of time on slips of paper and get each child to take one slip. The child whose name is written on a piece of paper becomes the mystery friend of the one who chose that paper. Ask the children to act like a friend to that person until the next lesson, so each child can guess who his mystery friend is. Afterwards have a discussion with the children about how they were able to guess who their mystery friends were.
Picture: "Our Strength is in Our Friends"
Read the saying, "The strength of a tree is in its roots, and the strength of a person is in his friends." Ask each child to draw him- or herself in the form of a tree, with their friends as the roots.
A MOTHER'S HEART
The magnificent birch tree grew deep in heart of the forest, and close nearby grew her three little daughters, still slim of trunk. The Mother Birch's great canopy of branches protected her daughters from wind and rain, and from the burning sun, too, during the hot summer. The little birches grew fast, and their life was carefree and happy. With their mother standing beside them they weren't afraid of anything.
One day the forest was shaken by a fierce storm, such as the forest had not seen for a long time. The thunder roared, and the sky was filled with flashes of lightning. One fork of lightning crashed into a nearby grove, and several trees were badly burned. The little birches trembled in fear. The Mother Birch hugged them tightly in her branches.
В«Don't be afraid,В» she said soothingly. В«The lightning won't notice you hidden beneath my branches. I'm the tallest tree in the forest.В»
The Mother Birch had hardly spoken these words than a terrible, deafening crack shook the air, and a sharp, hot tongue of lightning landed right on her trunk. The blow was so awful that the branches of all the trees in the surrounding grove trembled. The lightning scorched its way to the very center of the Mother Birch's trunk, but she remembered that she had to protect her daughters, and there was no fire. The ground was shaking from the lightning's blows, which fell here and there all around. Pouring rain and howling wind tried to fell the Mother Birch, but she stood firm. Not for a moment did she forget her children, and not for a moment did her embrace weaken. Only when the storm had passed, the wind had stilled, and the drenched earth was again warmed by the sun, did the Mother Birch's battered trunk finally give way. As she felt herself starting to fall, she whispered to her children, В«Don't be afraid. I'm not leaving you. The lightning could not touch my heart. My old trunk will grow covered with moss and grass, but my heart will never stop beating. My roots are still holding tightly to yours under the earth, and nothing can tear us apart.В» And with those words, the Mother Birch's trunk crashed to the ground - without even scratching one of her daughters. To this day the old stump is surrounded by three slim birches. Their branches encircle it gently, as if protecting it from rain and sun. Below them lies a great log covered with moss and grass. If one day you should come walking through the woods to this spot, sit and rest on the Mother Birch's trunk: it's wonderfully soft! Then close your eyes and listen. Perhaps you will hear the beat of a mother's heart.
Questions and tasks on the story:
Imagine that all the trees are one big family. Who do you think are the parents in the family, and the grandparents, and the children?
Do you think the three birch sisters will ever be separated?
Why do you think the mother always protected her children?
Ask the children to think about how they can help their mother if she's in a bad mood, or something bad happens to her at work, or she's not feeling well.
Game
The children stand in a circle and the teacher stands in the center, holding a ball. She tosses the ball to the children one by one and asks something about their mother, e.g. В«Should you ask your mother for advice?В» If the child thinks he should, then he catches the ball. If he thinks he doesn't need to ask his mother for advice, he lets the ball go. If another child disagrees, the game stops while everybody discusses the question.
Written work
Read the children the saying: В« The sun makes you warm, but your mother makes your home.В»
Draw the sun of a mother's love on the board, and ask the children to name all of the wonderful things they can about their mothers. Everything the children say is a ray of the sun. Ask the children to write down the wonderful things that appeared inside them when they are В«warmedВ» by the sun of a mother's love.
Homework
Ask the children to interview their mother. The children should find out what is her favourite season, her favourite activity, favourite film, etc. Then the children tell each other about their mothers. Tell them that they must listen to each other very carefully. Then the teacher asks questions about their mothers, e.g. В«Whose mother loves to knit (read, cook, etc.)В» The children must remember what the others said about their mothers.
Thursday, December 13, 2007
Insurance
Overview
Did you know that some of the hottest jobs in finance aren't on Wall Street at all? These are jobs in insurance. Insurance is a trillion dollar business that employs more than 2.5 million people in the United States alone. As the population ages and wealth grows, the demand for insurance professionals will increase dramatically. This is great news for you if your thinking of going in to insurance. Jobs in insurance involve helping individuals and business manage risk to protect themselves from catastrophic losses and to anticipate potential risk problems. Work in this area is not only personally rewarding, but can be financially rewarding as well. You will help clients understand their insurance needs, explain their options to them and hopefully help them purchase appropriate insurance policies. You could work in a variety of areas in insurance including as an underwriter, a sales representative, an asset manager, a customer service rep or an actuary. A theme that is constantly emphasized by insurance professionals is that the industry is ultimately about helping people when they need it the most. The stereotype of a slick, sleazy, fast-talking insurance salesman is largely a figment of the past.
Skills & Talents
Key Skill Area Requirement
People skills: High
Sales skills: Medium
Communication skills: High
Analytical skills: Medium
Ability to synthesize: Low
Creative ability: Medium
Initiative: Medium
Work hours: 35-55/week
The Business is About Risk Transfer
Insurance companies are in the business of assuming risk by writing policies which transfer risks from customers to themselves. This work is challenging, complex and likely to continue to prosper.
Most People in Insurance Don't Sell
Many people avoid insurance careers because they perceive that the business is about selling and slickness. Certainly, part of the business involves selling but keep in mind that insurance policies help people, especially in times of need. Moreover, most jobs in the field do not involve direct selling
Did you know that some of the hottest jobs in finance aren't on Wall Street at all? These are jobs in insurance. Insurance is a trillion dollar business that employs more than 2.5 million people in the United States alone. As the population ages and wealth grows, the demand for insurance professionals will increase dramatically. This is great news for you if your thinking of going in to insurance. Jobs in insurance involve helping individuals and business manage risk to protect themselves from catastrophic losses and to anticipate potential risk problems. Work in this area is not only personally rewarding, but can be financially rewarding as well. You will help clients understand their insurance needs, explain their options to them and hopefully help them purchase appropriate insurance policies. You could work in a variety of areas in insurance including as an underwriter, a sales representative, an asset manager, a customer service rep or an actuary. A theme that is constantly emphasized by insurance professionals is that the industry is ultimately about helping people when they need it the most. The stereotype of a slick, sleazy, fast-talking insurance salesman is largely a figment of the past.
Skills & Talents
Key Skill Area Requirement
People skills: High
Sales skills: Medium
Communication skills: High
Analytical skills: Medium
Ability to synthesize: Low
Creative ability: Medium
Initiative: Medium
Work hours: 35-55/week
The Business is About Risk Transfer
Insurance companies are in the business of assuming risk by writing policies which transfer risks from customers to themselves. This work is challenging, complex and likely to continue to prosper.
Most People in Insurance Don't Sell
Many people avoid insurance careers because they perceive that the business is about selling and slickness. Certainly, part of the business involves selling but keep in mind that insurance policies help people, especially in times of need. Moreover, most jobs in the field do not involve direct selling
Intel
Integrating Intel® vPro™ Technology with LANDesk® Management ProductsUse of Intel® vPro™ technology by LANDesk management software, including LANDesk® System Manager, LANDesk® Server Manager, and LANDesk® Management Suite including practical issues of setting up new devices equipped with Intel® AMT (Active Management Technology) and then discovering and managing those devices using LANDesk products. Click here. Intel® Active Management Technology Add-on for Microsoft* SMS 2003The Intel® Active Management Technology Add-On for Microsoft* SMS 2003 provides support for Intel® Active Management Technology (Intel® AMT) 2.0 and later in Microsoft SMS 2003. This guide describes how to install, configure, and use the Add-on. Click here. Comparing Multi-Core Processors for Server VirtualizationIntel IT tested servers based on select Intel multi-core processors to analyze the potential role of each in our data center server virtualization strategy. Click here. Take Business PCs to the Next LevelSuperior security and remote manageability on a chip with Intel® Centrino® Pro processor technology for notebook PCs and Intel® vPro™ processor technology for desktop PCs. Click here. Education: Using Virtualization to Change the Face of BusinessGet the eBook Virtual Education: Using Virtualization To Change The Face of Business to learn how the latest virtualization techniques and technologies can make your company and your data center more successful. Click here.
COMPUTER HARDWARE ENGINEER
NATURE OF THE OCCUPATION
Plan the system concept and the hardware needs for a particular computer product by analyzing the market needs and prepare a forecast which defines specifications, the technology to be used and the method, a sales plan and an initial financial product plan
Design the hardware architecture of the computer equipment being mindful of cost and technological considerations
Prepare detailed specifications and methods to interface computer products -the interaction between CPU and peripheral units (hardware) and between the operating system and user programs (software)
Fabricate and test a theoretical model of the computer product often using computer simulation, which provides the necessary programming instructions for its manufacture
Build working prototypes of the computer equipment
PARALLEL PROCESSING is a computer architecture in which several processors work on different parts of a task simultaneously. This type of array is used where processing speed is more important than cost. Parallel processing applications include weather forecasting, geology, plasma and nuclear physics.
NEURAL NETWORKS are artificial neural nets (ANN) which involve the development of digital, analog and hybrid systems that mimic the behavior of the biological brain. It is a parallel processing computer system capable of learning and which can train and program itself to perform a task. It is used in applications such as robotics, medical diagnosis, image processing and pattern recognition.
FUZZY LOGIC is a mathematical technique for dealing with imprecise data and problems that have many solutions rather than one. Fuzzy logic recognizes "maybe" or "perhaps" rather than conventional logic which only recognizes "yes" or "no". Using hardware architecture such as analog circuits and parallel processing, fuzzy logic can be used for applications in medical systems for signal and image processing, in manufacturing systems for the sequential movements of multi-jointed robot arms or in economics for estimating interest and currency exchange rates.
Plan the system concept and the hardware needs for a particular computer product by analyzing the market needs and prepare a forecast which defines specifications, the technology to be used and the method, a sales plan and an initial financial product plan
Design the hardware architecture of the computer equipment being mindful of cost and technological considerations
Prepare detailed specifications and methods to interface computer products -the interaction between CPU and peripheral units (hardware) and between the operating system and user programs (software)
Fabricate and test a theoretical model of the computer product often using computer simulation, which provides the necessary programming instructions for its manufacture
Build working prototypes of the computer equipment
PARALLEL PROCESSING is a computer architecture in which several processors work on different parts of a task simultaneously. This type of array is used where processing speed is more important than cost. Parallel processing applications include weather forecasting, geology, plasma and nuclear physics.
NEURAL NETWORKS are artificial neural nets (ANN) which involve the development of digital, analog and hybrid systems that mimic the behavior of the biological brain. It is a parallel processing computer system capable of learning and which can train and program itself to perform a task. It is used in applications such as robotics, medical diagnosis, image processing and pattern recognition.
FUZZY LOGIC is a mathematical technique for dealing with imprecise data and problems that have many solutions rather than one. Fuzzy logic recognizes "maybe" or "perhaps" rather than conventional logic which only recognizes "yes" or "no". Using hardware architecture such as analog circuits and parallel processing, fuzzy logic can be used for applications in medical systems for signal and image processing, in manufacturing systems for the sequential movements of multi-jointed robot arms or in economics for estimating interest and currency exchange rates.
Wednesday, December 12, 2007
Network Systems and Data Communications Analysts
Analyze, design, test, and evaluate network systems, such as local area networks (LAN), wide area networks (WAN), Internet, intranet, and other data communications systems। Perform network modeling, analysis, and planning। Research and recommend network and data communications hardware and software. Includes telecommunications specialists who deal with the interfacing of computer and communications equipment. May supervise computer programmers.
Investigative - Investigative occupations frequently involve working with ideas, and require an extensive amount of thinking। These occupations can involve searching for facts and figuring out problems mentally.
1. Analyzes test data and recommends hardware or software for purchase.
2. Develops and writes procedures for installation, use, and solving problems of communications hardware and software.
3. Assists users to identify and solve data communication problems.
4. Trains users in use of equipment.
5. Visits vendors to learn about available products or services.
6. Conducts survey to determine user needs.
7. Tests and evaluates hardware and software to determine efficiency, reliability, and compatibility with existing system.
8. Reads technical manuals and brochures to determine equipment which meets establishment requirements.
9. Monitors system performance.
10। Identifies areas of operation which need upgraded equipment, such as modems, fiber optic cables, and telephone wires.
2. Develops and writes procedures for installation, use, and solving problems of communications hardware and software.
3. Assists users to identify and solve data communication problems.
4. Trains users in use of equipment.
5. Visits vendors to learn about available products or services.
6. Conducts survey to determine user needs.
7. Tests and evaluates hardware and software to determine efficiency, reliability, and compatibility with existing system.
8. Reads technical manuals and brochures to determine equipment which meets establishment requirements.
9. Monitors system performance.
10। Identifies areas of operation which need upgraded equipment, such as modems, fiber optic cables, and telephone wires.
Active Learning - Understanding the implications of new information for both current and future problem-solving and decision-making.
Operations Analysis - Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
Equipment Selection - Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Instructing - Teaching others how to do something.
Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
Operations Analysis - Analyzing needs and product requirements to create a design.
Reading Comprehension - Understanding written sentences and paragraphs in work related documents.
Equipment Selection - Determining the kind of tools and equipment needed to do a job.
Judgment and Decision Making - Considering the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.
Instructing - Teaching others how to do something.
Critical Thinking - Using logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems.
Monday, December 10, 2007
This article is about the machine. For the magazine, see Computer (magazine).Hafnium-based Intel® 45nm Process Technology
Hafnium-based Intel® 45nm Process Technology
Two words: relentless innovation. Using dramatically new materials including hafnium-based circuitry, new Intel® 45nm Hi-k metal gate silicon technology helps to dramatically increase processor energy efficiency and performance for an unprecedented computing experience.With this breakthrough transistor technology, Intel is manufacturing serious advantage into every hafnium-based Intel 45nm Hi-k chip.
These revolutionary new processors empower a more enjoyable computing experience for your gaming, multimedia and multitasking, at work, at home, and at play.
Empower your digital world with Intel insideAnother first from Intel Quad-core power for your datacenter Revolutionizing your desktop
Discover innovation that enables breakthrough levels of energy efficiency with the world’s first hafnium-based 45nm processor on the market. Maximize your competitive advantage with workstations and servers based on the 45nm Hi-k Intel® Xeon® processor. Watch movies, play games, jam to your symphony of tunes with the 45nm Hi-k Intel® Core™2 Extreme quad-core processor QX9650, you can do more at once with zero lags.
Saurav's Double..
Sourav Ganguly celebrates after dismissing Pakistan's Salman Butt (right) on the third day of the final Test between India and Pakistan in Bangalore.
BANGALORE, December 9: India's new cricket coach Gary Kirsten on Sunday gave a stamp of approval to the performance of the current team and said there was no reason to 'change things much'. "The team is playing good cricket and to maintain that consistency would be all about it. Hopefully the way things are going at the moment there is no reason to change things much," Kirsten said. Kirsten said he was satisfied after his first interaction with the players here. "I met the players and got to know them. That was the intention of coming down in such a short period of time. Everything I set out to do was achieved," he said. Asked about what he can give to Indian cricket, the South African said "Having played the game at the highest level, I can add some value and my experience. There are experienced players in the team and together we can bring some very successful couple of years." On what he would like to improve, he said "I think we need to talk about that behind closed doors. You know various strategies and hopefully you see results on the field but they are a special team and have some good performers. On Yuvraj Singh not being able to cement his place in the Test side despite playing some good knocks, Kirsten said "It will be discussed in due time." Asked about the mental component of the game, Kirsten said "Mind coaches have become big in sports. When they are part of the staff, my perception is that these people can add value to the team."
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BANGALORE, December 9: India's new cricket coach Gary Kirsten on Sunday gave a stamp of approval to the performance of the current team and said there was no reason to 'change things much'. "The team is playing good cricket and to maintain that consistency would be all about it. Hopefully the way things are going at the moment there is no reason to change things much," Kirsten said. Kirsten said he was satisfied after his first interaction with the players here. "I met the players and got to know them. That was the intention of coming down in such a short period of time. Everything I set out to do was achieved," he said. Asked about what he can give to Indian cricket, the South African said "Having played the game at the highest level, I can add some value and my experience. There are experienced players in the team and together we can bring some very successful couple of years." On what he would like to improve, he said "I think we need to talk about that behind closed doors. You know various strategies and hopefully you see results on the field but they are a special team and have some good performers. On Yuvraj Singh not being able to cement his place in the Test side despite playing some good knocks, Kirsten said "It will be discussed in due time." Asked about the mental component of the game, Kirsten said "Mind coaches have become big in sports. When they are part of the staff, my perception is that these people can add value to the team."
PrintSaveWrite to EditorMail
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Send your Comments
Comments are moderated. Comments that include profanity or personal attacks or other inappropriate comments or material will be removed from the site. Additionally, entries that are unsigned or contain "signatures" by someone other than the actual author will be removed. Finally, we will take steps to block users who violate any of our posting standards, terms of use or privacy policies or any other policies governing this site.
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